Dickman distribution conjecture for large Hecke factors

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For primes p≠ℓp\ne\ell, let Dp=dim⁡QS2(Γ0(p);Q)D_p=\dim_{\mathbb{Q}}S_2(\Gamma_0(p);\mathbb{Q}), let Dp±=dim⁡QS2(Γ0(p);Q)±D_p^\pm=\dim_{\mathbb{Q}}S_2(\Gamma_0(p);\mathbb{Q})^\pm, and define

Yℓ(p)=1Dpdeg⁡Fp∗Φ~p,ℓ(X),Yℓ±(p)=1Dp±deg⁡Fp∗Φ~p,ℓ±(X),Y_\ell(p)=\frac{1}{D_p}\deg_{\mathbb{F}_p}^*\widetilde{\Phi}_{p,\ell}(X),\qquad Y_\ell^\pm(p)=\frac{1}{D_p^\pm}\deg_{\mathbb{F}_p}^*\widetilde{\Phi}_{p,\ell}^\pm(X),

where the tilded polynomials are the characteristic polynomials of TℓT_\ell on the indicated spaces. Let ρ\rho be the Dickman function, defined by ρ(u)=1\rho(u)=1 for u∈(0,1]u\in(0,1] and ρ(u)=u−1∫u−1uρ(t) dt\rho(u)=u^{-1}\int_{u-1}^u\rho(t)\,dt for u>1u>1. Dickman distribution conjecture. For any fixed prime ℓ\ell,

lim⁡X→∞#{p∈[X,2X]:p prime, Yℓ(p)≤y}#{p∈[X,2X]:p prime}=ρ(12y)2.\lim_{X\to\infty}\frac{\#\{p\in[X,2X]:p\text{ prime},\ Y_\ell(p)\leq y\}}{\#\{p\in[X,2X]:p\text{ prime}\}}=\rho\left(\frac{1}{2y}\right)^2.

This is the precise distributional prediction derived from the random-permutation model; it describes the asymptotic distribution of the normalized largest irreducible Hecke factor.

References

Primary source

Michael Lipnowski and George J. Schaeffer, “Detecting large simple rational Hecke modules for Γ_0(N) via congruences”, arXiv:1610.09690 (2016).

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