Aldous–Lyons-type characterization of finite-graph limits

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Let L\mathbf L be a modeling. Assume: (i) the theory of L\mathbf L has the finite model property; (ii) every interpretation of L\mathbf L satisfies the finitary mass transport principle, namely, for first-order formulas α,β,γ\alpha,\beta,\gamma satisfying

α(x)⊢(∃y1…yb) ⋀i=1b(γ(yi,x)∧β(yi)∧⋀i<j≤b(yi≠yj))\alpha(x)\vdash (\exists y_1\dots y_b)\,\bigwedge_{i=1}^b \Bigl(\gamma(y_i,x)\wedge\beta(y_i)\wedge\bigwedge_{i<j\leq b}(y_i\neq y_j)\Bigr) β(x)⊢¬(∃y1…ya+1) ⋀i=1a+1(γ(x,yi)∧α(yi)∧⋀i<j≤a+1(yi≠yj)),\beta(x)\vdash \neg(\exists y_1\dots y_{a+1})\,\bigwedge_{i=1}^{a+1} \Bigl(\gamma(x,y_i)\wedge\alpha(y_i)\wedge\bigwedge_{i<j\leq a+1}(y_i\neq y_j)\Bigr),

one has

b ⟨α,L⟩≤a ⟨β,L⟩;b\,\langle\alpha,\mathbf L\rangle\leq a\,\langle\beta,\mathbf L\rangle;

and (iii) for every integer dd there is an integer NN such that L\mathbf L does not contain the dd-th subdivision of KNK_N. Aldous–Lyons-type conjecture. Under these assumptions, L\mathbf L is the FO-limit of a sequence of finite graphs. This is proposed as a generalization of the Aldous–Lyons conjecture; the supplied text does not state that it has been proved or refuted.

References

Primary source

J. Nesetril and P. Ossona de Mendez, “Existence of Modeling Limits for Sequences of Sparse Structures”, arXiv:1608.00146 (2026).

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