Simplicity, sign, and ratio conjecture for the Gauss transfer operator eigenvalues

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Let λn\lambda_n be the eigenvalues of the transfer operator for the Gauss continued fraction map, arranged so that ∣λ1∣≥∣λ2∣≥⋯|\lambda_1|\geq |\lambda_2|\geq\cdots, and let ϕ=(1+5)/2\phi=(1+\sqrt{5})/2. Simplicity, sign, and ratio conjecture. The following three statements are true: the eigenvalues are simple and ∣λn∣|\lambda_n| strictly decreases; they have alternating sign,

(−1)n+1λn>0;(-1)^{n+1}\lambda_n>0;

and

lim⁡n→∞λnλn+1=−3+52=−ϕ2.\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\lambda_n}{\lambda_{n+1}}=-\frac{3+\sqrt{5}}{2}=-\phi^2.

These were described as three outstanding unresolved problems concerning the eigenvalues; the claims concern their simplicity, signs, and asymptotic ratio.

References

Primary source

Giedrius Alkauskas, “Transfer operator for the Gauss' continued fraction map. I. Structure of the eigenvalues and trace formulas”, arXiv:1210.4083 (2018).

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