The generalized lock inequality for positive words

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Let ww be a positive word of the form

w=aα1bβ1⋯aαmbβm.w=a^{\alpha_1}b^{\beta_1}\cdots a^{\alpha_m}b^{\beta_m}.

Suppose that R(w,r,s)=p/qR(w,r,s)=p/q, where p/qp/q is reduced. Generalized lock inequality. Then

∣pq−ha(w)r−hb(w)s∣≤mq.\left|\frac{p}{q}-h_a(w)r-h_b(w)s\right|\leq \frac{m}{q}.

For the linear representation with a=Rra=R_r and b=Rsb=R_s, one has rot⁡∼(w)=ha(w)r+hb(w)s\operatorname{rot}^\sim(w)=h_a(w)r+h_b(w)s; thus the conjecture asserts that extremal representations become closer to the linear representation as the denominator of R(w,r,s)R(w,r,s) increases. It generalizes the lock inequality and is supported by experimental evidence.

References

Primary source

Danny Calegari and Alden Walker, “Ziggurats and rotation numbers”, arXiv:1110.0080 (2011).

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