The quantum-classical mean-energy inequality

Let Zq(β,h)=n=1eβEn(h)Z_q(\beta,h)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}e^{-\beta E_n(h)} and Zc(β)=eβH(p,q)dpdqZ_c(\beta)=\int\int e^{-\beta H(p,q)}\,dp\,dq be the quantum and classical statistical sums for the same system, with Hamiltonian H(p,q)=12mj=1Npj2+V(q)H(p,q)=\frac{1}{2m}\sum_{j=1}^{N}p_j^2+V(q). Define the quantum and classical mean energies by

Eq(β,h)=n=1En(h)eβEn(h)Zq(β,h),Ec(β)=H(p,q)eβH(p,q)dpdqZc(β).E_q(\beta,h)=\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}E_n(h)e^{-\beta E_n(h)}}{Z_q(\beta,h)},\qquad E_c(\beta)=\frac{\int\int H(p,q)e^{-\beta H(p,q)}\,dp\,dq}{Z_c(\beta)}.

Quantum-classical mean-energy inequality. The inequality

Eq(β,h)Ec(β)E_q(\beta,h)\geq E_c(\beta)

is true for all h>0h>0 and β>0\beta>0. The claim proposes that the quantum mean energy always dominates the corresponding classical mean energy, but the source supplies no resolution.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Lev Sakhnovich, “Comparison of Thermodynamic Characteristics in Ordinary Quantum and Classical Approaches and Game Theory”, arXiv:1010.4717 (2011).

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