The quantum-classical mean-energy inequality

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Let Zq(β,h)=∑n=1∞e−βEn(h)Z_q(\beta,h)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}e^{-\beta E_n(h)} and Zc(β)=∫∫e−βH(p,q) dp dqZ_c(\beta)=\int\int e^{-\beta H(p,q)}\,dp\,dq be the quantum and classical statistical sums for the same system, with Hamiltonian H(p,q)=12m∑j=1Npj2+V(q)H(p,q)=\frac{1}{2m}\sum_{j=1}^{N}p_j^2+V(q). Define the quantum and classical mean energies by

Eq(β,h)=∑n=1∞En(h)e−βEn(h)Zq(β,h),Ec(β)=∫∫H(p,q)e−βH(p,q) dp dqZc(β).E_q(\beta,h)=\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}E_n(h)e^{-\beta E_n(h)}}{Z_q(\beta,h)},\qquad E_c(\beta)=\frac{\int\int H(p,q)e^{-\beta H(p,q)}\,dp\,dq}{Z_c(\beta)}.

Quantum-classical mean-energy inequality. The inequality

Eq(β,h)≥Ec(β)E_q(\beta,h)\geq E_c(\beta)

is true for all h>0h>0 and β>0\beta>0. The claim proposes that the quantum mean energy always dominates the corresponding classical mean energy, but the source supplies no resolution.

References

Primary source

Lev Sakhnovich, “Comparison of Thermodynamic Characteristics in Ordinary Quantum and Classical Approaches and Game Theory”, arXiv:1010.4717 (2011).

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