Simion's unimodality conjecture for lattice-path numbers

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Let λ=(λ1,λ2,…,λr)\lambda=(\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\ldots,\lambda_r) be an integer partition with λ1≥λ2≥⋯≥λr≥0\lambda_1\geq\lambda_2\geq\cdots\geq\lambda_r\geq 0, and let λ′\lambda' be its conjugate. For integers m≥λ1′m\geq\lambda'_1 and n≥λ1n\geq\lambda_1, let N(m,n,λ)N(m,n,\lambda) denote the number of lattice paths in an mm-by-nn rectangular grid from the lower-left to the upper-right corner, using unit up and right steps and avoiding the Ferrers diagram of λ\lambda removed from the upper-left corner.

Simion's conjecture. For each integer ℓ\ell and each partition λ\lambda, the sequence

N(λ1′,λ1+ℓ,λ),N(λ1′+1,λ1+ℓ−1,λ),…,N(λ1′+ℓ,λ1,λ)N(\lambda'_1,\lambda_1+\ell,\lambda), N(\lambda'_1+1,\lambda_1+\ell-1,\lambda), \ldots, N(\lambda'_1+\ell,\lambda_1,\lambda)

is unimodal.

Simion's conjecture was strengthened by Hildebrand, who proved that these numbers are log-concave; consequently, the stated unimodality conjecture is solved.

References

Primary source

Yi Wang, “A Simple Proof of a Conjecture of Simion”, arXiv:0809.1604 (2008).

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